SexThis chapter introduces to us two different diseases: Prader-Willi and Angelman's syndrome. Both are gentic diseases and both are caused by the lack of chromosome 15. Inheriting these diseases depends on what parent carries the gene. Prader Willi comes from the father while Angelman's comes from the mother. This is linked to "sex" because it demonstrates the power of paternal genes. These diseases are inherited sexually and so therefor this chapter's name is sex. The mother and father have different controls over different inherited genes. This book tells us that the mother's genes have control over the cerebral cortex and the dad has control over the hypothalamus. According to this we know that we generally inherit our mom's way of thinking and our dad's moods.
Friday, June 1, 2012
chromosome 9
Disease
This chapter talks about the different blood types and each of their characteristics. They speak of O being the universal donor and who can donate to who. It also speaks of immunity and susceptibility to different diseases like cholera (A and AB) and malaria (O). The example used is sickle-cell disease vs. malaria. It is known that many of the African population carry either one or both genes for sickle-cell anemia because of the link to the allele’s resistance to malaria. Ridley explains that many alleles of these type of alleles are difficult to get rid of because some contribute to the resistance of more severe diseases. Basically this chapter says there is no stable changes. Genome will keep changing and evolutionizing.
This chapter talks about the different blood types and each of their characteristics. They speak of O being the universal donor and who can donate to who. It also speaks of immunity and susceptibility to different diseases like cholera (A and AB) and malaria (O). The example used is sickle-cell disease vs. malaria. It is known that many of the African population carry either one or both genes for sickle-cell anemia because of the link to the allele’s resistance to malaria. Ridley explains that many alleles of these type of alleles are difficult to get rid of because some contribute to the resistance of more severe diseases. Basically this chapter says there is no stable changes. Genome will keep changing and evolutionizing.
Thursday, May 31, 2012
chromosome 17
Death:
This chapter basically speaks of cancer. It explains to us that cells reproduce themselves at the wrong time. when cells are not stopped from reproducing incorrectly they produce cancer.A gene called TP53, on the short arm of chromosome 17, it is known as a tumor-suppressor gene. This genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Oncogenes can cause cancer when they are doing work and tumor supressor genes can allow cancer to happen if they are not working. Detecting cancer early is important so we can prevent the cancer from spreading. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in late stages of the disease. The chapter is named death for the reason that cancer is so deadly. The accumulation of cancer cells can create tumors over time and since there is no specific effective cure for cancer, it is critical that it is detected as early as possible.
This chapter basically speaks of cancer. It explains to us that cells reproduce themselves at the wrong time. when cells are not stopped from reproducing incorrectly they produce cancer.A gene called TP53, on the short arm of chromosome 17, it is known as a tumor-suppressor gene. This genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Oncogenes can cause cancer when they are doing work and tumor supressor genes can allow cancer to happen if they are not working. Detecting cancer early is important so we can prevent the cancer from spreading. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in late stages of the disease. The chapter is named death for the reason that cancer is so deadly. The accumulation of cancer cells can create tumors over time and since there is no specific effective cure for cancer, it is critical that it is detected as early as possible.
Chromosome 2
Species
In the twentieth century scientists thought there were 24 chromosomes in the human genome. Gorillas and chimpanzees have 24 chromosomes to our 23, because the human Chromosome #2 is a combination of two ape chromosomes. “Humans are an ecological success,” the only competition we have are domestic animals and we have colonized almost all habitats. In this chapter we discovered that humans and chimps genetically are 98% the same. There is no specific time in which there was a separation but scientists have discovered a split in the chimpanzee population. The human species was half of the population which developed a genetic mutation that did not allow breeding between both populations. Along with the human species they brought along different ways of sexual selection from the other two species. Humans brought methods like the monogamous system and attraction to more youthful mates. Monogamy shaped our hunting/gathering habits and a “sexual division of labor”. Ridley explains to us that the difference is found in the genes.
Thursday, March 8, 2012
BOW Invertebrates
Blog
Pick 3 invertebrates Compare them in terms of physical features and systems. Identify at least 3 similarities and 3 differences Include pictures and References
Starfish
-Echinoderms that belong to the class Asteroidea.
-Internal anatomy deals with a circulatory system(hemal system), digestive system, nervous system, water vascular system(locomotion), endoskeleton, respiration(coccurs through the tube feet and through papillae) and excretion.
-Bilateral symmetry as larval forms.
-5 rays or arms from it's central disk
-Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction.
-Dioecious(male and female)
-found in ocean
Jellyfish
-Transparent or transluscent.
-classes: Scyphozoa, Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa.
-found in ocean
-Most jellyfish do not have specialized digestive, osmoregulatory, central nervous, respiratory, or circulatory systems.
-Gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place.
-Do not need a respiratory system because skin is thin enough that body is oxygenated by diffusion.
-hydrostatic skeleton.
-Don;t have a nervous system but have a nerve net located in the epidermis.
-Have ocelli for vision.
-Able to reproduce sexually and asexually.
-nematocysts
Coral
-Class: Anthozoa
-found in ocean.
-major contributors to coral reefs.
-require sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water.
-Can have porous skeletons or solid skeletons.
-Gastrovascular canals allowing the absorption of nutrients
-Exoskeleton
-Tentacles(nematocysts)
-Reproduce sexually or asexually.
sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral#Anatomy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish#Anatomy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish#Internal_anatomy
Pick 3 invertebrates Compare them in terms of physical features and systems. Identify at least 3 similarities and 3 differences Include pictures and References
Starfish
-Echinoderms that belong to the class Asteroidea.
-Internal anatomy deals with a circulatory system(hemal system), digestive system, nervous system, water vascular system(locomotion), endoskeleton, respiration(coccurs through the tube feet and through papillae) and excretion.
-Bilateral symmetry as larval forms.
-5 rays or arms from it's central disk
-Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction.
-Dioecious(male and female)
-found in ocean
Jellyfish
-Transparent or transluscent.
-classes: Scyphozoa, Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa.
-found in ocean
-Most jellyfish do not have specialized digestive, osmoregulatory, central nervous, respiratory, or circulatory systems.
-Gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place.
-Do not need a respiratory system because skin is thin enough that body is oxygenated by diffusion.
-hydrostatic skeleton.
-Don;t have a nervous system but have a nerve net located in the epidermis.
-Have ocelli for vision.
-Able to reproduce sexually and asexually.
-nematocysts
Coral
-Class: Anthozoa
-found in ocean.
-major contributors to coral reefs.
-require sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water.
-Can have porous skeletons or solid skeletons.
-Gastrovascular canals allowing the absorption of nutrients
-Exoskeleton
-Tentacles(nematocysts)
-Reproduce sexually or asexually.
sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral#Anatomy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish#Anatomy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish#Internal_anatomy
Friday, March 2, 2012
5th Genome Entry
Chromosome 10 STRESS
In this chapter the gene known as CYP17 enables the conversion of cholesteral to cortisol and also testosterone to oestradiol. These steroids relate to the stress released by the brain. By signaling stress the brain sets genetic triggers. This causes genes to turn on and odd which brings into play other systems of the body, for example the immune system. Ridley begins to compare the human body and it's connections to the real life world outside of a body like the connections between systems, they all lead to a control. Everything that occurs in the human body is just like the outside, you have a control and that leads to systems.
In this chapter the gene known as CYP17 enables the conversion of cholesteral to cortisol and also testosterone to oestradiol. These steroids relate to the stress released by the brain. By signaling stress the brain sets genetic triggers. This causes genes to turn on and odd which brings into play other systems of the body, for example the immune system. Ridley begins to compare the human body and it's connections to the real life world outside of a body like the connections between systems, they all lead to a control. Everything that occurs in the human body is just like the outside, you have a control and that leads to systems.
Thursday, March 1, 2012
4th Genome Entry
Chromosome 4 FATE
In this part of Genome we are introduced to Huntington's disease and the motivation Nancy Wexler had. She was willing to find the root of this disease to dig deeper and to find a cure. By reading this chapter you learn that the repetition of CAG is something you might not like since it is the primary cause or symptom of Huntington's Disease. A repetitiong of about 35 times is normal anything above that is abnormal. With this disease you are incapable of your own life, your mind begins to deteriorate. It takes as long as fifteen to twenty five years for this to take place, depending on the amount of repetition. It doesn't matter how much you take care of yourself or how much you do not take care of yourself, you either have it or don't. Nancy had a half and half chance of having this gene herself which was probably the primary cause of her endeavor to finding the gene of this disease. It wa sproven that "more than a dozen human diseases are caused by expanded three-letter wor repeats- so-called polygltamine disease. It accumulates in chunks which eventually kill cells. Nancy was close to the gene, she never was tested or diagnosed, she called it "Mapping Fate" the fate of having a disease either through hereditary or through just simple fate.
In this part of Genome we are introduced to Huntington's disease and the motivation Nancy Wexler had. She was willing to find the root of this disease to dig deeper and to find a cure. By reading this chapter you learn that the repetition of CAG is something you might not like since it is the primary cause or symptom of Huntington's Disease. A repetitiong of about 35 times is normal anything above that is abnormal. With this disease you are incapable of your own life, your mind begins to deteriorate. It takes as long as fifteen to twenty five years for this to take place, depending on the amount of repetition. It doesn't matter how much you take care of yourself or how much you do not take care of yourself, you either have it or don't. Nancy had a half and half chance of having this gene herself which was probably the primary cause of her endeavor to finding the gene of this disease. It wa sproven that "more than a dozen human diseases are caused by expanded three-letter wor repeats- so-called polygltamine disease. It accumulates in chunks which eventually kill cells. Nancy was close to the gene, she never was tested or diagnosed, she called it "Mapping Fate" the fate of having a disease either through hereditary or through just simple fate.
BOW Importance of Intelligence
Why is it important to define and debate our understanding of intelligence and its origins? How does this relate to you?
Defining and debating our understanding of intelligence is a great way to help ourselves. By understanding it's origins we are more able to improve our working techniques in order to better our knowledge through scientific foundations of intelligence. This relates to not only me but to all of the AP bio class. Ms. Malonek had this discussion with us so we can realize what exactly is ahead of us. It is important to know that everyone as an individual has it's unique strategy that makes them intelligent in their own way. With this I not only have realized how much I may have to cram for this AP test but also how much I need to learn from my mistakes and how much I need to work on my weaknesses. I may be a visual, musical, intellectual, or any type of learner and it is important to know what your learning style is so you are more able to learn the right way, MY WAY.
Defining and debating our understanding of intelligence is a great way to help ourselves. By understanding it's origins we are more able to improve our working techniques in order to better our knowledge through scientific foundations of intelligence. This relates to not only me but to all of the AP bio class. Ms. Malonek had this discussion with us so we can realize what exactly is ahead of us. It is important to know that everyone as an individual has it's unique strategy that makes them intelligent in their own way. With this I not only have realized how much I may have to cram for this AP test but also how much I need to learn from my mistakes and how much I need to work on my weaknesses. I may be a visual, musical, intellectual, or any type of learner and it is important to know what your learning style is so you are more able to learn the right way, MY WAY.
3rd Genome Entry
Chromosome 6 intelligence
I found this to be very interesting. Ridley is in search of a specific intelligence gene. The true debate though, is whether intelligence comes naturally or does it gradually grow? The search began with IQ testing and determining who were smart or geniuses but this made me realize the unfairness of this IQ test. This IQ test only enabled scientist to find the difference in the IGF2R gene. After testing children with IQ test scientist based themselves off of 2 basic ideas, is intelligence hereditable or do you gradually become intelligence? It was proven that intelligence is demonstrated depending upon the individual and their genes.People tend to express their intelligence as they grow older. I strongly believe that intellgience is not a natural thing. I believe it is something that is strongly dependant of your work ethic and how much your willing to work to be smart. Now if intelligence were something you were born with don't you think you wouldn't have to learn anything as a baby? Or school wouldn't be necessary because you learn things naturally. Intelligence is like a flower, it needs water and sunlight to grow in this case you need to be educated for your intelligence to grow.
I found this to be very interesting. Ridley is in search of a specific intelligence gene. The true debate though, is whether intelligence comes naturally or does it gradually grow? The search began with IQ testing and determining who were smart or geniuses but this made me realize the unfairness of this IQ test. This IQ test only enabled scientist to find the difference in the IGF2R gene. After testing children with IQ test scientist based themselves off of 2 basic ideas, is intelligence hereditable or do you gradually become intelligence? It was proven that intelligence is demonstrated depending upon the individual and their genes.People tend to express their intelligence as they grow older. I strongly believe that intellgience is not a natural thing. I believe it is something that is strongly dependant of your work ethic and how much your willing to work to be smart. Now if intelligence were something you were born with don't you think you wouldn't have to learn anything as a baby? Or school wouldn't be necessary because you learn things naturally. Intelligence is like a flower, it needs water and sunlight to grow in this case you need to be educated for your intelligence to grow.
Wednesday, February 29, 2012
2nd Genome Entry
Chromosome 1 LIFE
The intro of Chromosome 1 talks about the fascination of the word LIFE and it's meaning."Life is a slippery thing to define, but it consists of two very different skills: the ability to replicate, and the ability to create order"(12). It introduces the idea of reproducing and the ability of a rabbit making a rabbit a dandelion making a dandelion. Many scientists attempted to find the origin of life but many based their ideals off of irrelevant theories and/or ideas. Life follows the idea of replication and instruction for an order. This oart of the book gives many names of scientist but Alan Turing seems to be the closest to the mystery of life. He stated that "heredity is a modifiable stored program; metabolism is universal machine"(15). He included a recipe or code is their abstract message for an immaterial form.
The intro of Chromosome 1 talks about the fascination of the word LIFE and it's meaning."Life is a slippery thing to define, but it consists of two very different skills: the ability to replicate, and the ability to create order"(12). It introduces the idea of reproducing and the ability of a rabbit making a rabbit a dandelion making a dandelion. Many scientists attempted to find the origin of life but many based their ideals off of irrelevant theories and/or ideas. Life follows the idea of replication and instruction for an order. This oart of the book gives many names of scientist but Alan Turing seems to be the closest to the mystery of life. He stated that "heredity is a modifiable stored program; metabolism is universal machine"(15). He included a recipe or code is their abstract message for an immaterial form.
Blog One: Summary Introduction Genome
In the introduction of Genome you are introduced do the variety of chromosomes the amount which is reduced to two pairs of 23 chromosomes each. The book reveals there are about 30,000-80,000 genes in the human genome. The true of this book though is not to speak of a project but it is "... a book about what the project has found"(6). That is the Human Genome Project. It narrows the basic idea of the book by comparing the ideas to a book. Example:
"There are twenty-three chapters, called CHROMOSOMES.
Each chapter contains several thousand stories, called GENES.
Each story is made up if paragraphs, called EXONS, which are interrupted by advertisements called INTRONS.
Each paragraph is made up of words, called CODONS.
Each word is written in letters called BASES."(7)
That is it thats the break down of the genome book. It also gives the break down of DNA and RNA and patterns in which they use ACGT which becomes TGCA which is the same thing written backwards. Then it talks about the purpose of enzymes and the proteins. Lastly it informs us that all rules have exceptions and we must keep it in mind when reading this book.
"There are twenty-three chapters, called CHROMOSOMES.
Each chapter contains several thousand stories, called GENES.
Each story is made up if paragraphs, called EXONS, which are interrupted by advertisements called INTRONS.
Each paragraph is made up of words, called CODONS.
Each word is written in letters called BASES."(7)
That is it thats the break down of the genome book. It also gives the break down of DNA and RNA and patterns in which they use ACGT which becomes TGCA which is the same thing written backwards. Then it talks about the purpose of enzymes and the proteins. Lastly it informs us that all rules have exceptions and we must keep it in mind when reading this book.
Thursday, February 23, 2012
BOW Nephron
BOW Describe how a nephron works. How is this similar to counter currents or hydrostatic skeletons?
The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney. The nephron is a long and thin tube which is closed at one end. It has two twisted regions interspaced with a long hairpin loop and ends in a long straight portion. The nephron is surrounded by capillaries. The nephron has a variety of cells that are important to the understandings of how the kidney is able to regulate the composition of blood. The nephron is responsible of filtering about 20% of the blood. The nephron filters and removes excess water, wastes, and other substances from your blood. The counter current in the kidney takes place in the loop of nele. Hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton made up of fluids under pressure in closed compartments. The counter current helps reabsorb water lost.
Thursday, February 16, 2012
Blog 3 Starfish
In terms of symmetry a starfish's symmetry is usually bilateral resulting in 5 arms which creates it's unique shape. Followed by it's symmetrical shape, a starfish has two cell layers which makes a starfish diploblastic. The coelem body is the full cavity body of a starfish. The coelem develops during the last stage of a starfish's development.
Circulatory System
-Hemal system
- Circulation occurs in 3 places: perivisceral coelem. water vascular system, and the hemal system.
-All are connected by the axial sinus.
-Axial sinus is attached to a dorsal sac.
Reproduction
-Sexual and Asexual
-dioecious
-Each arm has gonads which help release gametes.
-Fertilization is usually external
-Eggs are released into water or stuck on rocks.
-asexual/fragmentation
-part of body detaches and develops into another individual starfish.
Feeding
-feed on mussles.
Excretion
-waste exits through anus or mouth
Nervous System
-No brain
-Have a network of nerves called nerve plexus
-Ring and radial nerves coordinate movement and direction
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Describe double fertilization
It takes place between sperm cells in male parts(anther) and 2 cells in the female parts(ovule). Ovule contains the megasporocyte(mother cell) which is diploid and undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid megaspores. In some cases 3 degenerate and 1 survive undergoes 3 rounds of mitosis to produce 8 haploid nuclei(share same cytoplasm) called embryo sac. Cell walls form 3 cells then form the microphyle opening of ovule. Three other cells form called antipodal cells 2 synergids and 1 egg. Two nuclei remain together in one large cell. Before egg cell and the single cell with 2 polar nuclei can take part in double fertilization the male gametes(sperm) must move through these cells in the female reproductive sites. To reach the embryo sac a pollen grain lands on the stigma germinates then sends a long pollen tube through the style and ovary. A generative cell travels down the pollen tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell goes through mitosis and produces 2 haploid sperm cells. The pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and makes its way into one of the synergids releasing the sperm cells. The synergid degenerates and one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell producing a diploid zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the polar nuclei. This fertilizes them and produces a triploid cell. The zygote develops into an embryo and it's food supply is the triploid cell which develops into the endosperm.
Sunday, February 5, 2012
Extra Credit Blog
In your blog please give me some feedback on last semester
What topics really confused you?
The topics that really confused me would probably be the topics we went over in the beginning of the year(ecology). I guess I was rushed into the topic even though I had gone over it during the summer I was still really cofused. A couple of other topics were confusing to me too like the biochemistry. To begin with I had a horrible experience with chemistry last year and so I was just thrown overboard with biochem. I felt we were all over the place. At one point I had no clue what we were doing.
What topics do you feel very clear on?
Compared to other chapters plants have proven to be a lot easier i guess because we have gone over it thoroughly from first to second semester. Also bacteria I'm alright. Cells i'm okay.
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
Favorite activity was the review game. We all worked as a team and it helpfu; and fun. Favorite lab would have been the lab my group did because I actually unserstood it and we finished it completely.
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
The bacteria lab because instructions weren't so clear. Actually there were many labs that instructions were not clear at all.
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
I would say it would be the computer work. Most of the time instead of spending time doing the actual work on the computer we're spending time figuring out how to do it. The computer is also a great way to slack off on a lot of work. (i.e simulations) Also the most important is the notebook. There have been many times where the majority of the class has no idea what has to be in it. It'd be helpful if the homework and classwork was clearer.
What topics really confused you?
The topics that really confused me would probably be the topics we went over in the beginning of the year(ecology). I guess I was rushed into the topic even though I had gone over it during the summer I was still really cofused. A couple of other topics were confusing to me too like the biochemistry. To begin with I had a horrible experience with chemistry last year and so I was just thrown overboard with biochem. I felt we were all over the place. At one point I had no clue what we were doing.
What topics do you feel very clear on?
Compared to other chapters plants have proven to be a lot easier i guess because we have gone over it thoroughly from first to second semester. Also bacteria I'm alright. Cells i'm okay.
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
Favorite activity was the review game. We all worked as a team and it helpfu; and fun. Favorite lab would have been the lab my group did because I actually unserstood it and we finished it completely.
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
The bacteria lab because instructions weren't so clear. Actually there were many labs that instructions were not clear at all.
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
I would say it would be the computer work. Most of the time instead of spending time doing the actual work on the computer we're spending time figuring out how to do it. The computer is also a great way to slack off on a lot of work. (i.e simulations) Also the most important is the notebook. There have been many times where the majority of the class has no idea what has to be in it. It'd be helpful if the homework and classwork was clearer.
Saturday, January 21, 2012
Cell Wordle
In this unit our knowledge of cells expanded completely introducing us to bacteria, viruses and much more. It gives us an idea of the interactions each have. This unit includes everything from cells to reproduction to deadly diseases. I chose these words because I felt they were the main focus of the unit and each and every one of them have a unique meaning all connected to cells. Although not many include the simple word cell i them they all have something to do with a cell. Each word here has a background to interactions with the body of many organisms and it's cells.
Metabolism Wordle
I chose these words because i learned these words best as we went through this concepts. These were the words that were included in almost every important topic about metabolism. This process deals with many types of energy and a variety of products as well. Metabolism, cellular metabolism in specific deals with photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Both processes are known for making energy and food. Photosynthesis use sunlight to make energy and food for plants. Cellular respiration Breaks down chemical bonds of glucose into carbon dioxide and warer. The energy is released in form of ATP. I also chose words that first introduced us to what metabolism really is.
Time, Love, Memory
Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner is an interesting bool about the origins genetics and behavior. The author begins by observing genes and the structure of DNA and it introduces Drosophila. Drosophila was made possible by combining a variety of theories in order to establish a final theory of genetics. Here scientists(students) were able to grasp the concept of genes and their ability of mutation. In order to reach the inner roots of genetics many were required to study the behavior of genes.Benzer worked on separating flies to determine the different natures of behavior. The experiments dealt with time and studies determined the importance of memory in a fly's genes and also love which was the ability to reproduce. In conclusion this book brings together ideas from all over the place in order to solve and answer one question. Working together incorporating ideas and theories helped these scientists determine the nature of life and how life comes about. This book not only informs us scientifically but it also sends a message to our world that motivated people with questions will find a way to answer their questions.
(under construction)
(under construction)
On Societies as Organisms
In this article Lewis Thomas begins to compare the abilities of an insect to the abilities of a human.Many insects are looked down upon as pests and unnecessary creatures of the earth.In reality insects are an important part of our world who are capable of things humans aren't capable of. Lewis specifically uses termites in comparison to humans to prove that both have similar behavior but both are extremely different and unique. "...Insects are like creature from another planet,that their behavior is absolutely foreign, totally unhuman,unearthly, almost unbiological. They are more like perfectly tooled but crazy little machines, and we violate science when we try to read human meanings in their arrangements." Organisms have different abilities in different circumstances and the earth helps make a home that can benefit the world in return.
a fear of pheromones
In this article we speak of the "what if's" of pheromones. Questions like "what are we going to do if turns out that we have pheromones?"(16)questinos human ability to determine whether pheromones are good for us humans or not. The author mentions many organisms that depend on pheromones like female mosses who are able to "attract a trillion males at the instant."(17) So if organisms need pheromones to survive therefor he asks; is it necessary for humans to have pheromones? I agree with the author because humans prove to be able to produce and maintain pheromones to their advanatage.Not only humans prove this to be true but dogs also prove that humans are more than able to produce pheromones for a positive aspects of life. Humans not only use them to their advantage but many other organisms do it as well. Perhaps by producing pheromones humans will thrive even more than they have until now.
lives of a cell
This article was worth reading because it required effort from the reader. It created thoughts and questions in the reader's mind for example it allowed to ask ourselves if man is really the head hancho of the world. Are we? Nope. "Man is embedded in nature"(3) we are the habitat not the habitaters. This article brings out the truth about man and cells and the role of each. Man uses it's abilities to view the nature of life. It also begins to compare ecosystems how cells take over organisms and organisms take over different habitats.I agree with much of the article. It proves us wrong with the thought that "man is best". We are wrong! We are all organisms and together we all form a part of the earth in our own unique ways.
phyla of protozoa
-large and diverse
-travel from host to host in spores
-have no cilia and no flagella
-form to survive harsh environmental conditions.
-In blood
-Cause illnesses like malaria
-Nonmotile, unicellular protists
-Ex. Plasmodium
-do not have cilia
-move using pseudopods (
-heterotrophs
-Amoeba proteus
-one or more nuclei
-food is digested in vacuoles
-reproduce asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis
-8000 species
-example paramecium
-move with cilia
-heterotroph
-feed off of bacteria or algae
-reproduce sexually or asexually
-freshwater organism
Flagellates
-swim through water using flagella
-known as green algae
-thick cell membrane
-single-celled
-reproduce by binary fission
http://wordinfo.info/unit/3454/ip:10/il:S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ciliophora
http://www.environmentalleverage.com/Flagellates.htm
Friday, January 20, 2012
Major Plant Division
BYROPHYTES
first major plant divisions
three phyla of byrophytes:
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Mosses
-most familiar byrophytes.
-Byrophyte gametophytes are a few cells thick
-come from meristems.
-liverworts, hornworts, and mosses came about independently early in plant evolution.
-gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycles.
GYMNOSPERMS
-conifers
-lack enclosed ovaries
-gymnosperm ovules and seeds develop on the scales of cones.
-The four phyla of gymnosperms are ginkgo, cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers.
-550 species of conifers
PTERIDOPHYTES: SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
-phylum Lycophyta and phylum Pterophyta.
-Pteridophytes provide clues to the evolution of roots and leaves.
-The tissue system in this root is similar to that of the stems of early vascular plants.
-Lycophytes(modern vascular plants), have small leaves with a single branched vein(evolved from tissue flaps on the surface of stems)
-leaves are known as microphylls which means "small leaves".
-leaves of other vascular plants are known as megaphylls, means "large leaves".
-lack seeds, but provide steps to the evolution of life cycle adaptations
ANGIOSPERMS
-flowering plants
-vascular seed plants
-produce flowers and fruits.
-placed in a single phylum(Anthophyta)
-the monocots and the dicots,monocots have leaves with veins running straight across and dicots have leaves similar to that of an oak leaf.
-flower is an angiosperm structure thats specializes in reproduction.
-Fruits help spread seeds of angiosperms.
microbal zoo
What is a microbe?
A microbe is any living organism that spends itslife at a size too tiny to be seen with the naked eye.
List the FOUR MAJOR groups of microbes.
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, and Prions.
What is microbial ecology?
Microbial ecology is the study of microbes in theenvironment and the role of microbes. It’s also the study of microbialinteractions with plants and animals.
1. Dirtland:
Ag Acres
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: This bacterium produces tumors called galls (growths) on the stems ofplants.
Burkholderia cepacia : This bacterium rots onion roots.
2. Ponds
Rhodospirillum rubrum:This purple bacterium contains chlorophyll a or b and requires simpleorganic compounds for carbon
Chromatium : This purple sulfur bacterium require hydrogen sulfide as an electron andhydrogen donor to make food in the way plants require water as an electron andhydrogen donor.
Chlorobium: This green sulfur bacteria requires sulfur to live.
2.Animal Pavilion
Habitat on Humanity
Helicobacter Pylori: Lives in stomach a part called antrum
E. Coli: provides vitamin K and some vitamin B
Bifidobacterium : Lives in intestines of newborn.
Cow Rumen
Entodinium Dividing: Protists thrive inside the rumen
Pilobolus: Grows on dung
Vibrio Cholera: Cause of cholera
Snack Bar
Yeast - Produces alcohol
Lactobacillus : Produce acid that helps get rid of the seed pod of chocolate beans
Bacillus Spore: Resting stage of bacterium like that used to make Natto
Lactobacillus: Bacterium can digest lactose; produce yogurt
Space Adventure
Frequent Flyers
Bacillus Megaterium: Produce single spore
Spores and Threads : Springy fibers act as microscopic slingshots to hurl these slime mold spores aloft
Pilobolus: Launches spores to sun
Microbes of waste water Biosphere II
Soil contains billions of microbes
Water World
Pond
Algae - Microscopic or macroscopic, known as kelp
-Members of Kingdom Protista
Anabaena
-Fix own carbon and nitrogen in atmosphere
Gleocapsa: Spherical shaped green bacteria in ponds
Chlorobium: Green sulfur bacteria nreds sulfur to live
Amoeba: Surrounds food with body to eat
Rotifer - Small protists as complex as larger animals
Deep Sea Thermal Vents
Pipe Slimers - Stuff on shower curtain
Salty Sea( Halophiles)- Live in high concentration of salt
Sediment: Microbes live in bottom of lakes and rivers in sediments
Luminescent Bacteria: have lights that allow them to swim in dark
Ocean – anaerobic bacteria
A microbe is any living organism that spends itslife at a size too tiny to be seen with the naked eye.
List the FOUR MAJOR groups of microbes.
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, and Prions.
What is microbial ecology?
Microbial ecology is the study of microbes in theenvironment and the role of microbes. It’s also the study of microbialinteractions with plants and animals.
1. Dirtland:
Ag Acres
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: This bacterium produces tumors called galls (growths) on the stems ofplants.
Burkholderia cepacia : This bacterium rots onion roots.
2. Ponds
Rhodospirillum rubrum:This purple bacterium contains chlorophyll a or b and requires simpleorganic compounds for carbon
Chromatium : This purple sulfur bacterium require hydrogen sulfide as an electron andhydrogen donor to make food in the way plants require water as an electron andhydrogen donor.
Chlorobium: This green sulfur bacteria requires sulfur to live.
2.Animal Pavilion
Habitat on Humanity
Helicobacter Pylori: Lives in stomach a part called antrum
E. Coli: provides vitamin K and some vitamin B
Bifidobacterium : Lives in intestines of newborn.
Cow Rumen
Entodinium Dividing: Protists thrive inside the rumen
Pilobolus: Grows on dung
Vibrio Cholera: Cause of cholera
Snack Bar
Yeast - Produces alcohol
Lactobacillus : Produce acid that helps get rid of the seed pod of chocolate beans
Bacillus Spore: Resting stage of bacterium like that used to make Natto
Lactobacillus: Bacterium can digest lactose; produce yogurt
Space Adventure
Frequent Flyers
Bacillus Megaterium: Produce single spore
Spores and Threads : Springy fibers act as microscopic slingshots to hurl these slime mold spores aloft
Pilobolus: Launches spores to sun
Microbes of waste water Biosphere II
Soil contains billions of microbes
Water World
Pond
Algae - Microscopic or macroscopic, known as kelp
-Members of Kingdom Protista
Anabaena
-Fix own carbon and nitrogen in atmosphere
Gleocapsa: Spherical shaped green bacteria in ponds
Chlorobium: Green sulfur bacteria nreds sulfur to live
Amoeba: Surrounds food with body to eat
Rotifer - Small protists as complex as larger animals
Deep Sea Thermal Vents
Pipe Slimers - Stuff on shower curtain
Salty Sea( Halophiles)- Live in high concentration of salt
Sediment: Microbes live in bottom of lakes and rivers in sediments
Luminescent Bacteria: have lights that allow them to swim in dark
Ocean – anaerobic bacteria
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
Blog 11 Cell Poem
AP Bio
BOW
Write a poem about a cell. Be sure to use vocabulary and demonstrate your understanding of that cell. Go to the class website for examples
Cell Poem
If I were a cell
Id be the structure of life
If I were a cell
I'd be eukaryotic or prokartotic
If I were a cell
I'd have a nucleus or perhaps not
If I were a cell
I would live in animals,bacteria, plants perhaps in a flower where the leaves penetrate the light of the sun and shines in your eyes
If I were a cell
I would be organized and keep all your body's info private unlike your Fb account
If I were a cell
I would move just because my flagella says I shouldn't be so lazy
If I were a cell
I'd live just for you
I promise, if I were a cell
I'd be just your structure of life.
BOW
Write a poem about a cell. Be sure to use vocabulary and demonstrate your understanding of that cell. Go to the class website for examples
Cell Poem
If I were a cell
Id be the structure of life
If I were a cell
I'd be eukaryotic or prokartotic
If I were a cell
I'd have a nucleus or perhaps not
If I were a cell
I would live in animals,bacteria, plants perhaps in a flower where the leaves penetrate the light of the sun and shines in your eyes
If I were a cell
I would be organized and keep all your body's info private unlike your Fb account
If I were a cell
I would move just because my flagella says I shouldn't be so lazy
If I were a cell
I'd live just for you
I promise, if I were a cell
I'd be just your structure of life.
blog 10 beneficial bacteria
Lactobacillales
-Order of gram-positive bacteria
-Found in nature. Places like soil, water, plants and animals.
-Used in production of fermented foods.(dairy product and wine products)
Bacillus thuringiensis
-Gram-positive often used as biological pesticide.
-Occurs in many insects caterpillars, moths and butterflies. Also in dark places of plants.
-Produce crysrak porteins used for insecticidal action.(insecticides)
Bifidobacteria
-A genus of Gram-positive, non-motile (branched anaerobic bacteria)
-Major genera of bacteria that make up colon flora in mammals.
-Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.
-"Lactobacillus bifidus".
-Used in food industry.
-Used for regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis and more.
-Makes it difficult for gram-negative bacteria to grow in mother's milk.
-Ferments carbohydrates.
http://www.livestrong.com/article/355815-list-of-beneficial-bacteria-for-humans/
http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/60237.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic
Saturday, January 14, 2012
blog 8 transduction/transformation
Whathappens in bacterial transformation and transduction
Boyerand Cohen attempt combining ligated plasmids into the E.Coli. Using pastexperiments they use both bacterial and DNA and mix them by raising andlowering the temperature creating a heat shock. They then induce the bacteriato take plasmid DNA. Taking the transformed bacteria containing both type of resistance that could grow in presence of both antibiotics.This results consistently with the bacteria being transformed with a recombined plasmid(including tet and kan gene). Some bacteria is doubly transformed by religated versions of the original plasmids.
Boyerand Cohen attempt combining ligated plasmids into the E.Coli. Using pastexperiments they use both bacterial and DNA and mix them by raising andlowering the temperature creating a heat shock. They then induce the bacteriato take plasmid DNA. Taking the transformed bacteria containing both type of resistance that could grow in presence of both antibiotics.This results consistently with the bacteria being transformed with a recombined plasmid(including tet and kan gene). Some bacteria is doubly transformed by religated versions of the original plasmids.
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